As of 2010, these are the line items on a budget to release a major label record. The same (minus a few things) applies to indies.
PROMOTION:
Indie promo (paying someone to promote to radio)
Tip sheets (newsletter advertising)
Radio promo contests (those win-it-before-you-can-buy-it and fly-aways)
Radio marketing (ads)
^ the above breaks down by format. Formats are:
Alternative, Active/AOR/Rock, College, AAA, Specialty Format (ie, Urban).
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MISC PROMOTION:
Radio shows (including artist travel, accommodations, etc)
Promotion CD's
Tip sheet design and prep
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SALES:
Advertisement placements (ie, circulars, endcaps)
Retail Marketing
Outside retail marketing
Retail merch admats
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ADVERTISING:
TV
Radio
Online
Outdoor/sniping
Circulars
Prep and art production
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STREET MARKETING
Merch
Promotions
Outside street team
Samplers
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MISC MARKETING:
Advances, DJ advances
Remixes
General merch (ie, those funky things artists do to promote records)
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PUBLICITY
Indie publicists (if the artist doesn't use the staff)
TV appearances (travel, etc)
Photo shoots
Press travel
Tour logistics (aka Artist Development)
Prints, bios, misc (copywriters, etc)
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VIDEO:
Video production
Live footage, EPK cuts
VIDEO PROMOTION:
Video indies
Video promotions
Video duplication
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TOURING:
Tour support
Tour marketing
Promo tours (including setup, crew, backline, travel)
Ticket buys (from the venues, these aren't free!)
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ONLINE
Marketing
Website tech cost
Website design
Other tech (Facebook, widgets, games, Lee Martin)
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PACKAGING
Art
Production
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INTERNATIONAL MARKETING
Tour support
Promo tour
Publicity
Production
Misc
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* Some of these aren't done. Some are much more expensive than others. Anyhow, a lot to be said about this but that's worthy of a blog post.
Also this has likely changed a bit recently.