> Even if a failed agent activity retries correctly at the infrastructure layer, the LLM re-invocation produces a different output.

In Temporal, an Activity won't be executed again provided that Activity completion is recorded to the event history.

If the application crashes, its state is recreated using results from the history (i.e., the ones from the invocation that happened prior to the crash). Thus, the non-deterministic nature of LLM calls doesn't affect the application because each effectively only happens once.