> if I write a check, anyone who sees it can trivially withdraw whatever they want from my account using the above API, no
You always were able to do that - even before this post - using traditional online banking. I won't go into the details here, but trust me, it's frighteningly easy[1].
> What sort of fraud protection is there?
This isn't up to Balanced to solve. It's a banking system problem at its core.
[1] The problem is actually much worse, because it allows anyone to compromise your entire banking account (not just your checking account) trivially, but I'll leave that as an exercise to the reader!