Looks like this is crouton:
https://github.com/dnschneid/crouton
"Anyone who wants to run straight Linux on their Chromium OS device, and doesn't care about physical security. You're also better off having some knowledge of Linux tools and the command line in case things go funny, but it's not strictly necessary."
The bit about physical security seems to refer to the fact that for some reason you can't even password protect your machine.