For C/C++/Obj-C we can use llvm/clang. [1] I've found Pysmell[2] and Rope[3], for Python. C# has NRefactory[4], which is used by the Sharpdevelop and Xamarin folks. When doing java you can kind of do this with Eclim[5]. It can run a headless eclipse.
The day vim does all of these out of the box, will be a happy day!
[1] https://github.com/Rip-Rip/clang_complete
[2] https://code.google.com/p/pysmell/
[3] http://rope.sourceforge.net/
[4] https://github.com/icsharpcode/NRefactory
[5] http://eclim.org