The Wikipedia article on
Barker v. Wingo is pretty good and includes some tests for what is and isn't a violation of the right to speedy trial.
This is a decent Slate article on the topic:
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/20...
Complicating things in Manning's case:
* The trial took place under UCMJ rules, which are different from civilian rules
* Manning's supposed mental health issues delayed his arraignment while it was determined whether he was fit to stand trial.
We also don't know (do we? sources welcome) whether Manning's defense wanted to hasten the trial. Trial delays often work to the advantage of defendants.
What I think we do at this point know is that Manning's treatment from July 2010 through April 2011, as a maximum security POI inmate at Quantico, was inhumane. It's worth mentioning that similar inhumanity is inflicted on civilian criminal inmates; it doesn't make the practice any more morally acceptable, but suggests that Manning's experience wasn't (unfortunately) unprecedented.
Regardless, my original comment meant only to speak to the issue of whether Manning was "held without trial". I don't think he was.