My personal rule of thumb[0] is modern HSTs (280~320km/h top speed) are superior to plane up to ~1000km, and can remain competitive to 1500km.
(although, though that's much more of a personal advantage, having really shitty ears and great difficulty with pressure equalization the odd train tunnel — even at high speed — is much less painful than going from 0 to 30k ft and back)
[0] modulo specific settings, including the current security theater shit which I don't have to experience on train and considering that most of my experience is on european lines where city center to city center is what you want and airports are commonly 30~40mn away from city center