Yeah this is clearly a problem with gdb, not std::vector. Really gdb is pretty rubbish and hasn't been improved for many years. LLDB should be much better.
I really doubt LLDB can discover what code operators execute if the compiler does not include it at the binary.
That's such a dirty lie. Example: GDB has reverse step. That's such a amazing debugging feature that VisualStudio users often refuse to believe that it's real, when you try to describe it to them.
(lldb) print v[0]
error: call to a function 'std::__1::vector<int, std::__1::allocator<int> >::operator[](unsigned long)' ('_ZNSt3__16vectorIiNS_9allocatorIiEEEixEm') that is not present in the target
error: The expression could not be prepared to run in the target
(lldb) version
lldb-300.2.53