The only problem is the cost of division (making leaf is somewhat labor intensive, but not prohibitively so by any stretch).
The hard limit is $1e-20, according to wolfram alpha. IIRC bitcoin will only get you down to e-8.
Or looking at it another way, inventing a new denomination like a millicent (= 0.001c) will automatically increase our money supply...
But the scenario you're citing isn't the central issue when it comes to deflation. Deflation leads to a negative spiral because it pays off to defer any kind of spending - thereby slamming on the economic brakes. Notable example is Japan in 90s - deflation has been a major factor in its meagre growth then and even into the 2000s. The BoJ's unwillingness to adopt a sufficiently expansionary monetary policy likely exacerbated the problem