I don't have much knowledge of Kalman filters, but the Wikipedia article[1] claims the assumption of Gaussian error is a common misconception. A quick skim of the original paper[2] seems to confirm this.
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter
[2] http://www.cs.unc.edu/~welch/kalman/media/pdf/Kalman1960.pdf