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Well Americans did (sometimes still do) use micro-micro, as in µµF.

97 000 miles, just barely 160k kilometers. That's... really not much at all.

Your website reports this error on http://www.sequentec.co.uk

An unexpected error occurred. Module 'timezonedb' already loaded

ChaCha20-Poly1305 is a very good compromise for all sorts of hardware.

Berlin was a sump before becoming a city, it still has ground water almost up to ground level in some areas. Has a bunch of pumping stations to lower ground water, too.

I'll assume that restic does not actually implement AES. I maintain that rolling EtM is effectively not more error prone than correctly using a dedicated AEAD construction, since in either case you are rolling your own crypto, which swamps error proneness differences between these alternatives.

> Conversely, the higher impedance (250) is better for high-voltage/low-current sources like tube amps.

Headphone outputs of mixers fall into this category as well. Proper audio interfaces and sound cards have no issues at all driving 250 Ω to deafening volumes. Laptops no issues as well (for me).

From the benchmarks I've seen so far, there is no efficient (in terms of CPU use) deduplicating archiver. Sometimes restic is faster, sometimes Borg, no really clear picture. Compression can make Borg faster as well, when it fits the data set (LZ4 can be fast enough and compress well enough to reduce overall processing time, not just storage requirements).

Nothing error prone about EtM.

For all its flaws even a Beyerdynamic DT 770 Pro is a very good headset that's head and shoulders above...

But also correct here:

> Compression means it's effectively using less of the [dynamic] range and the dynamics [range] could be represented with fewer bits in an optimal encoding.

Lower DNR can indeed be encoded with fewer bits per sample.

> The difference is audio is "actually" bandlimited and frequency-based, but images are "actually" spatial.

I.e. audio is sampled along one dimension, while images are sampled along two dimensions. Note that frequency-domain considerations play a crucial role in all optical design, including imaging sensors.

Technically this is not aliasing; rather, the large and varied non-linearities of a speaker can act like a frequency mixer, which is why you'll get a 3 kHz sound (the difference) when playing, say, 20 and 23 kHz.

In practice, all audio converters are modulation converters of some sort, because it is simply too expensive to achieve the high AC linearity wanted at the required sampling frequencies with other kinds of converters. This already relaxes LPF requirements.

In practice, signal quality issues are usually layout and supply issues, not problems with the converter itself.

In practice, the speakers and ears are the worst parts with the largest non-linearities and a frequency response that looks like a nuke test area compared to the FR of the converter. Of course, in the case of speakers, we have concluded that we want them to have their own sound, because neutral speakers are not possible.

"Charger" would of course also be for discharge. "Sense" can either be charge sense, but that's not very common (due to CCCV charging), or monitoring. In either case, in this way of wiring things up the uppermost cell has a lower resistance connection to the charge/discharge port compared to the lowermost cell. So that uppermost cell will handle higher currents and overall will degrade more quickly. (This frequently applies when connecting "identical" parts in parallel in power electronics, e.g. capacitor banks).

If the voltage feedback (assuming there is any) is taken from the lower side, then a reduced voltage (by U=Rbus×Ibus) will be measured, which is lower than the voltage present at the cell terminals. Siblings mentioned that you want protection against internal cell shorts, using fuse wires or similar.

A better configuration would look like

    +  Charger
    |
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
                |
       Charger  -

As you can see the total length of wire/bus between the pack's poles and each cell is the same length, so has the same resistance.

Sadly "Reuse" has found no reflection in the laws and practices in most industrial countries. For example, giving replaced lab equipment to hobbyists is a perfect way of reuse, however, very few companies do that. Most rather send everything to the crusher or exchange it with the manufacturer for a discount who will do the same.

Lithium ion batteries are able to experience thermal runaway caused by internal shorts. This can be mitigated by quality control and proper handling (a lesson Samsung recently learned), and also other chemistries (like LiFePo, which is much more stable).

A properly designed lithium ion pack with tested high-quality cells is a very safe thing in the environmental conditions it was designed for.

Notice how many qualifiers are used in that statement.

With batteries (and even small battery packs) there are two main safety issues: (1) chemical combustion (due to mechanical damage or stress or electrical stress i.e. over-charging) (2) Burns and fires caused by arcing.

For (2) the exact configuration basically does not matter, because generally speaking all battery packs capable of storing a large amount of energy are also able to release a large amount of energy in short time. So if you cause a short you'll always get a nice arc. Note that most kinds of protections are way too slow to suppress arcing, so you can always burn yourself. Arc-fault detection is more difficult in DC systems as well.

(1) is mostly a matter of doing things right. This means active temperature monitoring and measures (cooling, venting, shut-off) for larger packs. Independent over-voltage and over-current monitoring. And of course the little things, like wiring things up the right way and placing sense wires at the proper locations. For example, this is a simple thing of doing things wrong:

    +  Charger  -
    |           |
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |-   Cell  -|
    |           |
    +   Sense   -

Designing these kinds of circuits correctly requires a lot more experience and detail knowledge than one may think at first. (Besides miniaturization this is another reason why one-chip battery management chips are so popular in the industry).

——————

I did a few things with a few types of batteries (lithium ion and lead) and these little cells can cause an impressive amount of uh "disturbance" in short order. I admit I am almost as careful (in a different way, obviously) with them as when handling high-voltage things like the HV oscillator in an old 'scope.

Last time I checked all tested diesel cars displayed anomalies between their supposed emissions and their actual emissions. So at this point: Likely all car makers.

And while this hasn't been public knowledge, it is not that surprising, because it has been public knowledge how much the mileage tests are gamed, so it's not surprising that all other tests are gamed as well (and, specifically, using defeat devices is also illegal).

Correct, EGR increases particulates across the board. Another alternative is to reduce NOx creation in the burning process, which also increases particulate emissions and DPF clogging.

> That also answers why the German government is giving them some leeway here: it's not exactly in their interest to kill Volkswagen.

While the federal government does not have a direct stake (apart from all the tax euros), the fine state of Lower Saxony holds a 20 % share (which actually causes the MP and his economics minister to always be on the board of directors).

I don't think this statement is correct. The diesel emissions scandal is hardly a new scale in terms of international fraud — just think about banking.

> selling millions of vehicles

VW sold approximately 475000 affected diesel vehicles in the US (compared to approx. 84.5 million car sales in the same time period).

> "Hate speech" is a real thing there that will land you in jail.

This is wildly inaccurate. In Germany there are mainly three kinds of speech punishable by law:

(1) Defamation

(2) Volksverhetzung ("all jews must die")

(3) Incitement (there are two different kinds of this, one where a specific person is incited to do something criminal, and the other where you publicly instigate a group to do something criminal)

It is quite clear that these don't nearly cover everything that may be commonly considered "hate speech".

> Code leaks in updates to some of their newer games reference "hl3"

My assumption has been for years that "HL3" is as much a joke inside Valve as it is outside of it.

> Gabe Newell talks about

This was six years ago.

> Many of the current cars are 100% drive by wire (ECU/power brakes/electric power steering), but that doesn't mean anything.

You can still break when the ECU does something stupid. You can still break if you loose vacuum (engine not running), it's "just" more harder to do so.

* having more ethics than <insert car manufacturer here>

As we now know, all of them are cheating.

(Also, "having more ethics" sounds really strange in my ears. "... being more ethical than those at <XY>"?).

> but the extfs family should be the standard one.

*XFS