952 karma · joined January 28, 2014
Optics & biotech startups, robots, cameras, 3d sensors, GPS, reverse engineering... current project will fly to Saturn.
See chapter 8: http://www.bitsavers.org/components/ti/TMS340xx/TMS34082_Des...
From the fundamental frequencies in the two graphs, we can see the toroidal propeller (72 Hz) is spinning slower than the traditional (88 Hz). Assuming, of course the same fundamental vs. rpm relationship -- the toroidal has twice the number of "blades" as standard, but I'm not sure how that manifests sonically. I wonder how a 3-blade or 4-blade propeller would compare to the standard 2-blade.
Also, a big difference between quadcopter and other propellers (boat, plane, heli) is that they use change speed to carefully control thrust - most quadcopters use fixed pitches. Adding mass to the propeller can reduce responsiveness, which means less stability ... but I don't know enough about the magnitude of this effect to know if that's a problem.
2. Many users seen at once. Each beam is only a 15-mile-diameter circle. In the really remote areas where this coverage would be needed, I don't suspect that there would be too many cell phones - maybe a few hundred at most.
Banding is more typically seen in monochromatic gradients - black and white or shades of sky blue. But this image is a yellow/blue gradient, and it's super unnatural to have the RGB channels transition at the same time - typically they transition at different locations and that helps smooth things out.
- low pass filter. Assuming the dust is small compared to the expected movement in the groove, you can filter it out electornically.
- dust detector. Nikon had a cool 35mm scanner... instead of RGB, it had an additional IR layer at an angle just to detect dust. So, automated dust removal tools knew if a black spot in an image was supposed to be there, or if it was actually dust. Here, extra optics would know if the laser was reading dust and could mute/filter the sound during that time.
>The running of aging nuclear power plants generally leads to higher operating and maintenance costs. Only in the U.S., the nuclear industry has claimed a cost reduction of 35 percent since 2012 to US$29.4/MWh in 2020—the lowest since the collection of industry-wide data in 2002—in particular due to a 57 percent drop in capital expenditures over the period.
Here's the source they use - it explains this much better: https://www.nei.org/resources/reports-briefs/nuclear-costs-i...
So, what's the difference? Nuclear is different because it costs the same to run per hour no matter how much power is generated. So, when demand is down, costs remain the same - while coal and gas can just use less fuel, which is their major cost. The risk that nuclear won't be able to run at higher loads increases costs overall. If market forces could guarantee usage, then costs would lower.
There's definitely a lot to explore here... power pricing is complicated!
A simple GPS receiver will have a generic mathematical model for the ionosphere and use that as a good guess. More advanced ones can measure the delay directly.
The ionosphere affects different frequencies differently, so the GPS satellites transmits additional signals at different frequencies. By measuring the phase of these signals (L1 and L2), the math can be done to get a better estimation of the delay caused by the ionosphere between each satellite and the receiver. Those are the dots we're seeing on this animation. (GPS also uses the L2 signal to transmit encrypted information that lets military receivers get a better fix than civilian receivers).
more info: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/geog862/node/1715
It doesn't really work that way. NASA needs two main things that most vendors can't supply: a radiation-hardened chip, and super-high quality controls. Implementing on an FPGA is much slower than an ASIC, but the ESA did it with the LEON3 processor.
Radiation hardening can come in a variety of ways, from redundant designs (3-core voting, EDAC) to manufacturing processes (silicon-on-insulator, gate structures) to even packaging (high density ceramic). These have very little overlap with commercial applications, so the vendor choice is still very limited.
Limor and crew does a great job: https://learn.adafruit.com Or start with the Arduino ecosystem: https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-an-arduino/all
I'm currently using a dual-core 90 MHz processor that is relatively advanced and has good performance for many applications. It has error-correcting memories (SDRAM, cache, registers) and a lot of integrated peripherals (spacewire, serial, ethernet, 1553, CCSDS) that help reduce board complexity.
Next up in the pipeline is an 8-core 1 GHz monster: https://www.gaisler.com/index.php/products/components/gr765
Most satellites are unique, so the same can't be done. Besides being weight critical, every failed satellite becomes space junk.