I would say the top languages are Python and R. Many enterprises use SAS and/or SPSS. Java is often used in production settings or when dealing with Hadoop. Other less popular but still useful languages are: Julia, Octave/Matlab, and Perl.
Coursera, Udacity, and EdX all have great courses. Algorithms is not the starting place though. You first need to learn the basics of programming (functions, variables, looping,...).
Computing for Data Analysis from Coursera is just finishing up and it was good. It focused mainly on how to program in R. Data Analysis from Coursera is just getting started, and so far it looks excellent. It focuses on actually doing the analysis.
This is maybe not the answer you want to hear. Outside of academia, there are not a lot of places that will hire you to do pure math. Most companies need the math to be applied to some product/strategy for revenue purposes. If your math has no application, then why would a company pay you for it. That being said, fields such as data science and machine learning (both applied) are pretty hot right now.
I would be interested if the posts where categorized. For example, I have an idea for one post on video games. I write the post, and send it off, and it gets posted to the video games section of the site. Then people interested in video games could find it. Maybe the next day, I have a good idea for a food blog post.
I would guess your app assigns out tasks, maybe a better todo list?
I do not think your name is too long. More important than length is spelling. Can you tell someone your domain name and have them type it in correctly? Yours consists of 2 fairly common English words. Thus I think your name is good. Here is my only suggestion: buy common misspellings of the domain name and redirect. taskmesenger.com for example
Start a blog about compiler construction. Wordpress is a great choice. It will take a while, but soon your blog will start appearing in google searches for compiler topics. It may take one or two years, but if you stick with it, you will soon create a following of "compiler" people. Those are the same people that will probably buy/promote/recommend your book.
I don't know if that has ever been tested in court. Most universities are accepting (or even encouraging) of professors to share materials online. However, sharing materials online and making money off course materials are 2 different things. Currently, I would say professor because he/she is free to take course materials when switching universities.
http://www.codecademy.com is an interesting site for learning how to code. It is definitely worth a look. Also, http://github.com is a great place to store your code while you learn and after you learn.
It is probably not in YC's best interest to steal ideas. If YC started stealing ideas, they would lose trust of the startup community. Then the best people would stop pitching to YC.
A few years ago, being a data company was not the "cool" thing. Back then, it was cool to be a social site. Thus, I think Twitter and Facebook correctly considered themselves social sites. I am guessing that in the companies early days, someone must have seen the value in all the data that was being collected.
Unfortunately, I would probably agree. Right now, big data means very little. The buzzwords may come and go, but the ability to extract useful information from data is here to stay. Honestly, extracting useful information has always been around. It is just now getting popular.
Really, I would think just about any startup nowadays could be considered a "bigdata" startup. If you are going to have a successful app, then you will probably have lots of data to deal with.
To answer your question, I doubt Facebook or Twitter would have been defined as "bigdata" companies.