Thanks for the feedback. Stripe asked for the statement from the bank used for payouts, which for me is Payoneer, so I sent that. If they’d asked for a personal bank statement, I’d have happily provided it, but their request specifically focused on my payout account.
When I opened the account, Stripe support confirmed that using Payoneer was fine, and since I don’t have a U.S. bank account, it was my only option for payouts. I run a legitimate business, and Payoneer conducts full KYC checks, so there's no question of money laundering.