http://www.bls.gov/cpi/cpid1505.pdf
Page 6 has the list and the weights of all goods per category. Housing is 42% of the CPI index, for example. Urban consumers vs Rural consumers are combined together, but the later tables split them out again.
People generally only talk about the single CPI number as an indicator in inflation. But a lot of work (and tables) go into that number.
The CPI is flawed, of course, like any attempt to turn 300 million peoples' worth of purchases into a single number. The Federal Reserve itself thinks that it's a little bit on the high side, not doing enough to adjust for the changes that occur when better products are introduced or when people change their purchasing behavior (e.g. switching to generic products): http://www.frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic...
> a lot of work (and tables) go into that number.
Economics is a whole field of study.
The CPI doesn't even in theory try to do that, which is why it includes CPI-U, CPI-W, and C-CPI-U, each of which is tracked raw and seasonally adjusted, and each of which contains numerous measures (not a single number), the most frequently used of which seem to be the "all items", "all items less food and energy", "food", "energy", and "gasoline" components. (And all of which relate to US urban consumers -- for CPI-U and C-CPI-U -- or a subset thereof -- for CPI-W -- which are less than 300 million people.)