Well, there's personal racism, meaning personal prejudice against a race. But then there's also institutional racism, like policies that turn out to be racist. Racist policies can be blatantly racist, like redlining, or they may indirectly turn out to be racist.
But yes, I think institutional racism is fairly common and very well-documented in the US.
> You're literally just describing a chicken-and-egg problem.
If you want to understand this more deeply, I highly recommend Ta-Nehisi Coates' book "Between the World and Me".
Yes, it's a chicken and egg problem, but our police and judicial institutions are actively sustaining/aggravating the problem.